watchlist system for award management exclusions. Grants. watchlist system for award management exclusions

 
 Grantswatchlist system for award management exclusions  All individuals viewing, reproducing or disposing of this information are required to protect it in accordance with

Agency UEI UEI of the agency that registered the exclusion. g. The System for Award Management (SAM) is a federal government network. S. ( 2) Provides technical assistance to Federal agencies in the use of SAM. Government System – described as “web-based, government-wide application that collects, validates, stores, and disseminates business information about federal government's trading partners in support of the contract awards, grants, and electronic payment processes”----- [Personal Info] via REDACTED FOR SEC--0990 of Opted Core { John Anthony Davis Aug 1992 30 } ----- [Addresses] { 4918 Bundy Rd, New Orleans, LA 70127-3453 1507 Iberville St Apt O, New Orleans, LA 70112-3217 } ----- [Phone Numbers] via REDACTED FOR SEC--0990 of Opted Core { (504) 529-2783 (305) 975-6873 { -----. Exclusion records identify those entities and individuals excluded from receiving federal contracts, certain subcontracts and from certain types of federal financial and non-financial assistance and benefits. gov Questions: #2. (2 CFR § 25. An official website of the United States government. (2) Insert the provision at 52. S. S. SAM. 309. 9 Submission of a claim for payment for services rendered by an excluded person to a federal health care program, or causing such a claim to be submitted, is sub-ject to criminal prosecution and/or CMP. 8 min read. This system contains Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI). S. Update or renew your entity registration. Minimize the risk of fraud and illegal activity by ensuring your business and its customers are lawful and legitimate through routine denied party screening of U. gov, you can search contract opportunities and entity registration, access. Effective November 21, 2012, the Excluded Parties List System database was migrated in the system for Award Management (SAM). An official website of the United States government. A grantee is required to ensure that no party listed on the Federal Government's Excluded Parties List is awarded a contract funded with Federal assistance. §180. gov. The EPLS is maintained by the System for Award Management (SAM) site. §180. What is an Exclusion Record? An exclusion record identifies parties excluded fromreceiving federal contracts. e. 430. There is no cost to use SAM. The SAM database serves as a comprehensive record of these exclusions. Help. gov is a central storehouse for information on over 1,000 grant programs and provides access to approximately $500 billion in annual awards. 510: Who maintains SAM Exclusions? § 417. 155, 2 CFR § 180. S. 520: Who places the information into SAM Exclusions? § 417. For a mapping of Legacy CT Codes to Exclusion Types, please select the. Lawyer's Assistant: Where are you located? Background check laws vary by state. Department of Health and Human Services is proud to be the managing partner for Grants. Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), and Office of Management and udget (OM) Memorandum M-13-20. , unrelated to any business or non-profit organization that he or she may own or operate in his or her name). 500. S. gov), and. All individuals viewing, reproducing or disposing of this information are required to protect it in accordance with. 4. Federal Organizations. The HHS OIG Exclusions List is the name given to the list of individuals and organizations excluded from participating in federal health care programs under section 1128 (and subsequently section 1156) of the Social Security Act. The System for Award Management, or SAM, is a government-wide portal that is consolidating the capabilities of multiple systems and information sources used by. Amend section 209. Dentist The Menace. Reflecting this. 405 Effect of listing (compelling reason determinations). § 417. The Office of Sponsored Programs (OSP) manages the UW’s SAM registration used to apply for federal award funding related to sponsored programs (605799469). All individuals viewing, reproducing or disposing of this information are required to protect it in accordance with. GSA is working hard to improve the user experience in the System for Award Management (SAM). EXPIRATION DATE: FILING. See 2 CFR § 180. What is the purpose of the System for Award Management Exclusions (SAM Exclusions)? § 417. When organizations apply through Grants. This system contains Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI). (b) Participants also may, but are not required to, use SAM Exclusions to determine if— (1) Principals of their transactions are excluded or disqualified, as re-quired. 204-7, System for Award Management, use the clause with 252. There are two exclusion lists maintained by different government agencies: The exclusion list within the System for Award Management (SAM), andTransition to Unique Entity ID (SAM) On April 4, 2022, the federal government stopped using the DUNS Number and started using new Unique Entity Identifiers (UEI) as the primary means of identifying entities registered for federal awards government-wide in the System for Award Management (SAM). HHS OIG was formed to protect the integrity of programs carried out by the US government's HHS. gov The System for Award Management (SAM) is the Official U. gov. g. 309. S. 309. gov will offer a single login to navigate the federal award lifecycle. 500 What is the purpose of the System for Award Management Exclusions (SAM Exclusions)? SAM Exclusions is a widely available source of the most current information about persons who are excluded or disqualified from covered transactions. gov The System for Award Management (SAM) is the Official U. How to Perform a EPLS Search SAM System For Award Management. S. S. 955 - Indictment. Today, you can use this site to: Search for assistance listings (formerly CFDA. General Services Administration Federal Government computer system that is "FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY. Appendix A to Part 25. A SAM exclusion party is any person or entity that is disqualified or deemed ineligible from being awarded contracts involving Federal funds. PGI 209. If you use Simple Search in SAM. It gathers, validates, maintains, and disseminates data about individuals and companies eligible for contract awards. All individuals viewing, reproducing or disposing of this information are required to protect it in accordance with. (a) The General Services Administration (GSA)— (1) Operates the web-based System for Award Management (SAM), which contains exclusion records; and (2) Provides technical assistance to Federal agencies in the use of SAM. 19, 2014]sam exclusions相關關鍵字 #watchlist - system for award management exclusions #what does system for award management exclusions mean #sam. An official website of the United States government. The effect of an OIG exclusion, and appearance on the General Services Administration's System for Award Management (SAM) website as a result of such exclusion, is that no payment will be made by any Federal health care program for items or services furnished, ordered, or prescribed by the excluded individual in any capacity. Select CCR as the legacy system account and then enter the CCR e-mail address and select next. S. July 30, 2013. In 2012, the System for Award Management (SAM) was created and the CCR was included in this database along with a few other databases, including the Excluded Parties. This system contains Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI). (b) An exclusion record in SAM contains the— (1) Names and addresses of the entities debarred,. WatchDOG Elite gives you peace of mind by scanning these international sanctions lists: Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade List. CSI’s WatchDOG® Elite allows companies to compare their customers’ names against national, global and government watch list. Select Criteria. All individuals viewing, reproducing or disposing of this information are required to protect it in accordance with. SAM. An email with your incident number was sent to your inbox when you submitted your documentation. SAM. Government system that consolidated the capabilities of CCR/FedReg, ORCA, and EPLS. The System for Award Management, or SAM, is a government-wide portal that is consolidating the capabilities of multiple systems and information sources used by the Federal government in conducting the acquisition and financial assistance. You can use this site for FREE to: Register to do business with the U. What is the purpose of the Exclusions portion of Performance Information in SAM? Record Source: EXCLUDED PARTIES LIST SYSTEM – (SAM) SYSTEM FOR AWARD MANAGEMENT LIST. These actions could include making an award and performing DUNS number changes or. gov, IAE’s largest system, into the modernized beta. Government system that consolidated the capabilities of CCR/FedReg, ORCA, and EPLS. Integrity Service Innovation . SAM. gov. gov The System for Award Management (SAM) is the Official U. Part 180. Subpart E—System for Award Management Exclusions SOURCE: 84 FR 52994, Oct. Government. (1) Operates the web-based System for Award Management (SAM ), which contains exclusion records; and. 406 Debarment. Payment or federal award eligibility may. Data Initiatives; Regulations . SAM is a comprehensive database. (a) The General Services Administration (GSA)— (1) Operates the web-based System for Award Management (SAM), which contains exclusion records; and (2) Provides technical assistance to Federal agencies in the use of SAM. To avoid CMP liability, health care entities should routinely check the list to ensure that new hires and current. S. S. SAM. Select Criteria. (2) Provides technical assistance to Federal agencies in the use of SAM. 4—Debarment, Suspension, and Ineligibility; 9. Please visit SAM. System Account. Users must read the exclusion record completely to. System, application, or project includes these data elements: DocuSign Envelope ID: 92CE7463-1F84-4F18-BBA1-9485EF2A47A2. Government system that consolidated the capabilities of CCR/FedReg, ORCA, and EPLS. Please fill out the form below. . , high risk status, various pre-award risk factors, System for Award Management exclusions), set out in the Application Review Section of the OJP Grant Application Resource Guide. Form Approved OMB# 0990-0379 Exp. As the former Inspector General I am offering six practical tips of conducting checks against the LEIE. S. Especially in the wake of a global pandemic, medical resources and health care providers themselves will be in short supply. (IAE) is consolidating the governmentwide acquisition and award support systems into one new system—the System for Award Management (SAM). How do I request a role that isn’t shown on the request role form? Top10 SAM. 404 Exclusions in the System for Award Management. Exclusion records identify those entities and individuals excluded from receiving federal contracts, certain subcontracts and from certain types of federal financial and non-financial assistance and benefits. Create A User Account. The Nonprocurement Suspension and Debarment Regulation (Nonprocurement Regulation), at 2 CFR Part 180, provides rules for a Department wide. What is the purpose of the System for Award Management Exclusions (SAM Exclusions)? § 417. (ii) Delinquent on obligations to the U. We recommend you directly contact the agency associated with the content in question. The System for Award Management (SAM) is a US government portal for businesses, organizations, and federal agencies to win government contracts. Unbeknownst to many in the health care compliance industry, the General Services Administration (GSA) announced it was migrating data from the well known Excluded Parties List System (EPLS) to a new and more comprehensive system call the System for Award Management (SAM). §417. The SAM. Award. auttaja. 530. The average manual review time is currently three (3) days. Notification of Construction Contract Award Portal; OFCCP at a Glance. The HHS OIG was established in 1976. gov), wage determinations (formerly WDOL. § 417. Grant and cooperative agreement applicants, recipients, and individuals planning to apply must have an active SAM registration. Be sure to see the Learn Grants section for the latest information about Federal Grants. gov today, you can continue to search as you normally do. Here’s a quick look at the Excluded Parties List and how to ensure your business doesn’t appear on the list. This is a U. End Amendment Part Start Amendment Part. Department of Health and Human Services to establish screening procedures for Medicare, Medicaid, and Children s Health Insurance. You can also choose to search disciplinary action. This system contains Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI). 430. In 2012, GSA announced it was migrating data from the EPLS to a new and more comprehensive system called the System for Award Management (SAM). Notice of program exclusions. can be found on the Excluded Parties List. S. The System for Award Management (SAM) is the federal procurement database. Updated Church Street Health Management Creditors List. 515 What specific information is in SAM Exclusions? (a) At a minimum, SAM Exclusions indicates— (1) The full name (where available) and address of each excluded and dis-qualified person, in alphabetical order, with cross. (3) Identification of those parties excluded from receiving Federal contracts, certain. First, ensure that periodic sanction screenings are conducted for all employees, medical staff, contractors and vendors against the LEIE and not just at time of engagement. (b) Participants also may, but are not required to, use SAM Exclusions to determine if— (1) Principals of their transactions are excluded or disqualified, as re-quired. OMB Guidelines to Agencies on Governmentwide Debarment and Suspension (Nonprocurement) 180. 1105(b), use the following clause:. Go to: Step 2. 上次更新日期:2022年06月23日Fannie Mae indicates in its Selling Guide Chapter A3-3 that effective management procedures for third-party originations include review of the third-party originator’s hiring procedure for checking all employees involved in the origination of loans (including application through closing) against: (i) the U. 4882 (1940-M), System for Award Management Registration and Screening Requirements for Debarment and Suspension dated July 27, 2021. Date 9/30/2023. OIG maintains a list of all currently excluded individuals and entities called the List of Excluded Individuals/Entities (LEIE). (1) Names and addresses of the entities debarred, suspended, proposed for debarment, declared ineligible, or excluded or. Army contracting officers shall also review the System for Award Management Exclusions prior to exercise of an option or award of any modification that adds new work or extends the duration of the contract or the period of performance. SAM. Government system that consolidated the capabilities of CCR/FedReg, ORCA, and EPLS. What is a watchlist System for Award Management exclusions? System for Award Management Exclusions (SAM Exclusions) means the list maintained and disseminated by the General Services Administration (GSA) containing the names and other information about persons who are ineligible. S. 510: Who maintains SAM Exclusions? § 417. gov The System for Award Management (SAM) is the Official U. The System for Award Management (SAM) is a federal government system that collects, validates, stores, and disseminates information on individuals or entities that are eligible for contract awards. The list now covers more than just Medicare and State Health Care Programs and includes programs such as. 935, as supplemented to include USDA statutory disqualifications, and 2 CFR. From the Edit Exclusion Record options, select Update, then set the. To ensure this does not happen, a grantee is required to check the Excluded Parties List System (EPLS) prior to award. SAM. Both the Active Exclusions and Debt Subject to Offset fields are “Yes” or “No” fields. Federal awarding agencies must also check the Federal Awardee Performance Integrity Information System if the award is expected to exceed the simplified acquisition threshold. This system contains Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI). Once a vendor or entity has been selected, prior to the obligation or payment of federal§ 180. This system contains Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI). If. There may be instances when a Firm or Individual has the same name,. Registered in the System for Award Management (SAM) means that– (1) The Offeror has entered all mandatory information, including the unique entity identifier and thewatchlist - system for award management exclusions-在PTT/MOBILE01/Dcard上的毛小孩推薦資訊整理-2022-06(持續更新) 首頁The first rule for most people in getting off a watch list is to accept that you are not on a list. System for Award. S. If you know how to use Boolean search. U. gov The System for Award Management (SAM) is the Official U. gov. (2) Insert the provision at 52. Visit our tips page to learn how to best use the Exclusions Database. SAM. Among those exclusion lists is one provided by the General Services Administration (GSA) known as the System for Awards. gov. ment and suspension system, the agen-cy enters the information about the ex-cluded person into SAM Exclusions. S. 406 Debarment. Exclusions: Active Exclusions. The EPLS is maintained by the System for Award Management. If you experience technical difficulties, please email the webmaster at webmaster@oig. This system contains Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI). (b) Insert the clause at 52. Read more. Make sure to select the agency shown on the. The GSA is an independent U. gov. 110). No. This is a U. The appeals process differs for exclusion imposed under different provisions and thus it is important the individual or entity subject to these proceedings pay. gov is for secure sign in only. § 417. 4 - Debarment, Suspension, and Ineligibility Section 9. 發布日期:2022年04月28日. 500 What is the purpose of the System for Award Management Ex-clusions (SAM Exclusions)? SAM Exclusions is a widely available source of the most current information about persons who are excluded or dis-Exclusion screening is the practice of cross-checking your partnerships and staff members with these lists to mitigate the risk of costly fines and sanctions, as well as to keep your products and services safe for patients. Summary: An exclusion record identifies parties excluded from receiving Federal contracts, certain subcontracts, and certain types of Federal financial and non. System for Award Management Ex-clusions (SAM Exclusions)? SAM Exclusions is a widely available source of the most current information about persons who are. 204-7, System for Award Management, with its Alternate I when the solicitation is anticipated to be awarded in accordance with 4. 505 Who uses SAM Exclusions? (a) Federal agency officials use SAM Exclusions to determine whether to enter into a transaction with a person, as required under §180. All participating and non-participating providers submitting claims for reimbursement against Federal (System Award Management and Office of Inspector General List of Excluded Individuals and Entities {LEIE)) and Maryland State exclusion/sanction lists. Search for entity registration and exclusion records. Select an agency from the list below or search for an agency name to view their points of contact for exclusions. other person with management or supervisory responsibility related to a covered transaction. what is watchlist - system for award management exclusions offense z1 2022what is watchlist - system for award management exclusions offense z1-寵物社群,精選在Youtube上的熱門影片 發布日期:2022年04月28日An official website of the United States Government Main navigation. 204-7004, Alternate A, System for Award Management. gov The System for Award Management (SAM) is the Official U. See Details. 520: Who places the information into SAM Exclusions? § 180. 500 What is the purpose of the System for Award Management Exclusions (SAM Exclusions)? SAM Exclusions is a widely available source of the most current information about persons who are excluded or disqualified from covered transactions. 180. 935, as supplemented to include USDA statutory disqualifications, and 2 CFR 180. Agencies shall not solicit offers from, award contracts to renew, place new orders with, or otherwise extend the duration of current contracts, or consent to subcontracts in excess of $30,000 (other than commercially available off-the-shelf items (COTS)), with these contractors unless the agency head (or designee) determines in writing there is. government system that consolidates various data and services for award. Integrity Service Innovation . SAM. This could be either a temporary or long-term exclusion, depending on the reason for the exclusion. File Extracts. Department of Health and Human Services to establish screening procedures for Medicare, Medicaid, and Children s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) providers and suppliers and to determine the level of. In 2012, GSA announced it was migrating data from the EPLS to a new and more comprehensive system called the System for Award Management (SAM). 500 What is the purpose of the System for Award Management Exclusions (SAM Exclusions)?. . 1105 to read as follows: 204. Agency users with an exclusion management role may update an exclusion record to deactivate it. S. All individuals viewing, reproducing or disposing of this information are required to protect it in accordance with. SAM. S. The individuals listed in the SAM Exclusion List are barred from receiving. §180. §417. Choose your filters and run your report to begin. (b) Participants also may, but are not required to, use SAM Exclusions to determine if— (1) Principals of their transactions are excluded or disqualified, as re-quired. All waiver providers must. government. S. Individuals found performing unauthorized activities are subject to disciplinary action including criminal prosecution. Exclusions – SAM. A Healthcare Sanctions Check screens your job candidates to ensure they are in good standing and not excluded from participating in any federal healthcare program. Appendix A to Part 25. 8113035994462 What Is System For Award Management Exclusions System for Award Management a Clear and Concise Reference NASA Procurement 2003-2004 EDExpress Training 2017 CFR Annual Print Title 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System. " This system is subject to monitoring. There may be instances when a Firm or Individual has the same name, or a similar name, as your search criteria but is actually a different party. 404 Exclusions in the System for Award Management. The System for Award Management (SAM) includes information regarding entities debarred, suspended, proposed for debarment, excluded or disqualified under the non-procurement common rule, or otherwise declared ineligible from receiving Federal contracts, certain subcontracts, and certain Federal assistance and benefits. In July, 2012, GSA migrated its Excluded Parties List System (EPLS) and other systems to the new System for Award Management (SAM). Crime Details – Offense Code: RSearches for exclusions for award and contract renewal purposes should be processed through GSA’s System for Award Management (SAM). 1789661389540 edited by BECK TESSA Department of Homeland Security Appropriations for 2014 Government Printing Office Based on literature review and inputs from surveyed agencies, this book assesses the value andSanctions OFAC SDN List, HM Treasury Sanctions List Warnings US Immigration and Customs Wanted Fitness & Probity e. Federal Organizations. (a)(1) Insert the provision at 52. The Office of the Federal Register publishes documents on behalf of Federal agencies but does not have any authority over their programs. 404 Exclusions in the System for Award Management. When I pull up my background report it’s pulling up a watchlist systems of award management exclusions. Most entities find a match immediately, but in some cases additional documentation and a manual review is required. This award is subject to requirements as set forth in System Award Management (formerly Central Contractor Registration) and Unique Entity Identifier (formerly DUNS) Requirements. DNP does not own content listed within this data source. gov) is an official website of the U. Subpart E. §180. This integration of capabilities streamlines the process of entity (e. 430. gov The System for Award Management (SAM) is the Official U. 105-1 Obtaining information. located at . 18. 515 (a); ( b) The Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) of the excluded or. §180. 505 Who uses SAM Exclusions? (a) Federal agency officials use SAM Exclusions to determine whether to enter into a transaction with a person, as required under §180. 1. SAM. As you may be aware, the General Services Administration’s (GSA) debarment list, previously known as the Excluded Parties List System (EPLS) and more recently as the System for Award Management (SAM) continues to be plagued with problems. System for Award Management Exclusions (SAM Exclusions) System for Award Management Exclusions (SAM Exclusions) means the list maintained and disseminated by the General Services Administration (GSA) containing the names and other information about persons who are ineligible. SAM is a government-wide database that consolidates several separate lists of individuals and entities that are excluded from receiving federal contracts, grants, and other forms of financial assistance. gov The System for Award Management (SAM) is the Official U. All individuals viewing, reproducing or disposing of this information are required to protect it in accordance with. SAM. 406 and 9. SAM was designed to streamline the process of both obtaining and procuring federal contracts by integrating these systems. exclusions, can’t be requested from the “Add A. gov) is an official website of the U. Search. S. gov The System for Award Management (SAM) is the Official U. Do not forget to screen employees and contractors against other databases, including the U. Migration of the Excluded Parties List System to the System for Award Management ODP Communication Number: Announcement 031-13 The mission of the Office of Developmental Programs is to support Pennsylvanians with developmental disabilities to achieve greater independence, choice and opportunity in their lives. gov The System for Award Management (SAM) is the Official U. Prior to entering a contract, agencies are required to utilize SAM to verify that the individual or entity is not an excluded party. We recommend you directly contact the agency associated with the content in question. It sounds like you have been flagged in the System for Award Management (SAM) database as being excluded from receiving government awards. CT Codes have been replaced by Exclusion Types in SAM. 204-7, System for Award Management. 505 Who uses SAM Exclusions? (a) Federal agency officials use SAM Exclusions to determine whether to enter into a transaction with a person, as required under §180. gov. The suffix is assigned at the discretion of the commercial, nonprofit, or. gov today, you can continue to search as you normally do. Government system that consolidated the capabilities of CCR/FedReg, ORCA, and EPLS. The updated LEIE is a complete database containing all exclusions currently in effect. 6. General Services Administration System for Award Management. Most entities find a match immediately, but in some cases additional documentation and a manual review is required. I. There are many benefits to the System for Award Management for both government contractors and government agencies that award contracts when goods or services. However, we anticipate discontinuing the printed version. As prescribed in 4. Government (unless otherwise noted) from receiving Federal contracts or certain subcontracts and from certain types of Federal financial and non-financial assistance and benefits. General Services Administration’s System for Award Management GSA/SAM. The Extracts Download API allows users to request Unclassified (“Public”), Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) “For Official Use Only” (FOUO) or CUI “Sensitive” entity extracts and Unclassified (“Public”) exclusion extract, based on the sensitivity level of the user account and through several optional request. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Known as the FBI Terrorist Screening Center , the database was created in 2003 as a response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. management has more details. gov for grantors. All individuals viewing, reproducing or disposing of this information are required to protect it in accordance with. Exclusion Extract (Formerly Excluded Parties List) As of November 22, 2012, the General Services Administration (GSA) officially retired the Excluded Parties List System (EPLS) and implemented the "Exclusions Extract", which is located under the System for Award Management (SAM). Please do not send Login. 11) for the same entity. Marshals Service Major Fugitive Cases UK Disqualified Directors UN Consolidated List US Marshals Most Wanted US Postal Service Most Wanted This is a U. Requirements How to Comply; As a first tier entity, our Plan Sponsors require that Navitus and their downstream entities review the DHHS OIG List of Excluded Individuals and Entities (LEIE list) and the GSA System for Award Management exclusion list (SAM) prior to the hiring or contracting of any new employee, temporary employee, volunteer,. General Services. OMB Guidelines to Agencies on Governmentwide Debarment and Suspension (Nonprocurement) 180. * * * * * 5. Contact us. § 180. gov will only have an. gov The System for Award Management (SAM) is the Official U. You can use this site to: Register to. When using the clause at FAR 52. Government (unless otherwise noted) from receiving Federal contracts or certain subcontracts and from certain types of Federal financial and non-financial assistance and. (b) Participants also may, but are not required to, use SAM Exclusions to determine if— (1) Principals of their transactions are excluded or disqualified, as re-quired. (1) 52. Government (unless otherwise noted) from receiving Federal contracts or certain subcontracts and from certain types of Federal. Step 3. The second database is the General Services Administration (GSA) System for Award Management (SAM). If you use Simple Search in SAM. Most entities find a match immediately, but in some cases additional documentation and a manual review is required. The UEI is a 12-character alpha-numeric value. It gathers, validates, maintains, and disseminates data about individuals and companies eligible for contract awards. STEPS: 1. ( c) For actions made by HHS pursuant to FAR 9. Simple Search will remain the default. The System for Award Management, or SAM, is a government-wide portal that is consolidating the capabilities of multiple systems and information sources used by the Federal government in conducting the acquisition and financial assistance (which includes grants and cooperative agreements) processes.